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Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep‐sea resource extraction
Levin, Lisa, WEI, CHIH-LIN, Dunn, Daniel, Amon, Diva, Ashford, Oliver, Cheung, William, Colaco, Ana, Dominguez-Carrió, Carlos, Escobar Briones, Elva, Harden‐Davies, HR, Drazen, Jeffrey, Ismail, Khaira, Jones, Daniel, Johnson, DE, Le, Jennifer, Lejzerowicz, Franck, Mitarai, Satoshi, Morato, Telmo, Mulsow, S, Snelgrove, Paul, Sweetman, AK, Yasuhara, M
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2020-06-12
Submitted Date
2020-09-11
Subject Terms
biodiversity maintenance
bottom fishing
climate projections
conservation
deep ocean
deep-seabed mining
environmental management
habitat suitability modeling
larval connectivity modeling
bottom fishing
climate projections
conservation
deep ocean
deep-seabed mining
environmental management
habitat suitability modeling
larval connectivity modeling
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Abstract
Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is projected to affect most deep‐ocean ecosystems concomitantly with increasing direct human disturbance. Climate drivers will alter deep‐sea biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, and may interact with disturbance from resource extraction activities or even climate geoengineering. We suggest that to ensure the effective management of increasing use of the deep ocean (e.g., for bottom fishing, oil and gas extraction, and deep‐seabed mining), environmental management and developing regulations must consider climate change. Strategic planning, impact assessment and monitoring, spatial management, application of the precautionary approach, and full‐cost accounting of extraction activities should embrace climate consciousness. Coupled climate and biological modeling approaches applied in the water and on the seafloor can help accomplish this goal. For example, Earth‐System Model projections of climate‐change parameters at the seafloor reveal heterogeneity in projected climate hazard and time of emergence (beyond natural variability) in regions targeted for deep‐seabed mining. Models that combine climate‐induced changes in ocean circulation with particle tracking predict altered transport of early life stages (larvae) under climate change. Habitat suitability models can help assess the consequences of altered larval dispersal, predict climate refugia, and identify vulnerable regions for multiple species under climate change. Engaging the deep observing community can support the necessary data provisioning to mainstream climate into the development of environmental management plans. To illustrate this approach, we focus on deep‐seabed mining and the International Seabed Authority, whose mandates include regulation of all mineral‐related activities in international waters and protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of mining. However, achieving deep‐ocean sustainability under the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require integration of climate consideration across all policy sectors.
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Levin, LA, Wei, C-L, Dunn, DC, et al. Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep-sea resource extraction. Glob Change Biol. 2020; 26: 4664– 4678.
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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
© 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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1354-1013
EISSN
1365-2486